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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learner-internal influences CLKs' understanding of the need to be pragmatic and the relational affordances they had access to were crucial. For instance the RIs from TS and ZL both mentioned their relationships with their local professors as a significant factor in their decision to avoid criticising the strictness of a professor (see the second example). This article reviews all locally published practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on the most important pragmatic issues such as: Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs) The test for discourse completion is a commonly used instrument in pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but also some disadvantages. The DCT is one example. It is unable to account for cultural and individual variations. Furthermore the DCT is susceptible to bias and can lead to overgeneralizations. It is essential to analyze it carefully before it is used in research or assessment. Despite its limitations the DCT is a valuable instrument to study the relationship between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables that affect the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the effect of prosody in various cultural contexts. In the field of linguistics, the DCT is now one of the most significant tools to analyze learners' behaviors in communication. It can be used to investigate various aspects such as politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can be used to assess the phonological complexity of learners in their speech. A recent study used an DCT to assess EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were presented with a variety of scenarios to choose from, and were then asked to select the appropriate response. The authors discovered that the DCT to be more efficient than other methods of refusal, such as the use of a questionnaire or video recordings. Researchers warned, however, that the DCT must be employed with caution. They also recommended using other methods for data collection. DCTs are usually created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, like content and form. These criteria are intuitive and based on the assumptions of test developers. They aren't always correct, and they could be misleading about the way ELF learners actually reject requests in actual interactions. This issue calls for further study on alternative methods for measuring refusal competence. A recent study has compared DCT responses to requests made by students through email with the responses gathered from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and traditionally indirect requests and utilized less hints than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study looked at Chinese learners making pragmatic choices when using Korean. It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions, and Refusal Interviews. The participants were 46 CLKs of upper intermediate level who answered MQs, DCTs, and RIs. They were also required to provide reflections on their assessments and refusals in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs frequently chose to resist native Korean pragmatic norms, and their decisions were influenced by four main factors such as their identities, their multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, and relational affordances. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment. The MQ data was analyzed first to identify the participants' choices in practice. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared their choices made by the participants with their linguistic performance on DCTs in order to determine if they are indicative of resistance to pragmatics. The interviewees were asked to explain their decision to use pragmatic language in a given situation. The results of the MQs and DCTs were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and z-tests. It was found that CLKs often resorted to the use of euphemistic phrases such as “sorry” and “thank you.” This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language which resulted in an inadequate understanding of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preference to differ from L1 and L2 norms or to move towards L1 norms varied based on the DCT circumstances. In situations 3 and 12 CLKs preferred diverging from both L1pragmatic norms – and L2-pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 CLKs favored convergence to L1 norms. The RIs further revealed that the CLKs were aware their own pragmatism in each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted on a one-to-one basis in the space of two days of participants having completed the MQs. The RIs were transcribed and recorded by two coders independent of each other who then coded them. The code was re-coded repeatedly and involved the coders reading and discussing each transcript. The coding results are then evaluated against the original RI transcripts to determine if they reflected the actual behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) A key question of pragmatic research is the reason why learners decide to rescind native-speaker pragmatic norms. A recent study attempted to answer this question by employing a variety of research tools, including DCTs MQs, DCTs, and RIs. Participants comprised 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. Then they were invited to attend a RI where they were asked to think about their responses to the DCT situations. The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not conform to the patterns of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this even though they could produce patterns that were similar to native speakers. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their choice to learner-internal factors like their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also referred to external factors, like relationship benefits. For example, they described how their relationships with professors led to a more relaxed performance with respect to the intercultural and linguistic rules of their university. The interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures or penalties they could face when their social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native counterparts might perceive them as “foreigners” and think they were incompetent. This concern was similar in nature to the one expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are not the default preference of Korean learners. They could still be useful for official Korean proficiency testing. Future researchers should reconsider the validity of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will enable them to better understand how different cultural environments could affect the practical behavior of L2 learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also help educators develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor for Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is an investigative technique that uses participant-centered, in-depth studies to study a specific subject. It is a method that utilizes multiple data sources to support the findings, including interviews or observations, documents and artifacts. This type of investigation can be used to study unique or complex topics that are difficult for other methods of measuring. In a case study, the first step is to define the subject and the objectives of the study. This will help determine which aspects of the subject are important to study and which can be omitted. It is also helpful to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject. It will also help put the issue in a larger theoretical context. This study was based on an open source platform such as the KMMLU leaderboard [50], and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the experiment revealed that L2 Korean students were extremely vulnerable to native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer options that were literal interpretations. This was a deviance from the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed a distinct tendency to include their own text or “garbage” to their responses. 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 lowered the quality of their responses. Moreover, the participants of this case study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) in their second or third year of university and were hoping to achieve level 6 on their next attempt. They were asked to respond to questions regarding their WTC/SPCC and pragmatic awareness and comprehension. The interviewees were presented with two scenarios, each of which involved an imaginary interaction with their interactants and were asked to select one of the following strategies when making a request. They were then asked to provide the reasoning behind their choice. Most of the participants attributed their pragmatism to their personalities. For example, TS claimed that she was difficult to connect to, and so she refused to ask about the well-being of her friend with an intense workload despite the fact that she believed that native Koreans would do so.